Techniques for Providing Fresh Water to Arid Regions

Techniques for Providing Fresh Water to Arid Regions Student ID Number: 36845 Introduction Water is vital as it does not have a substitute and is a finite resource (Kaplan, 2011). The demand for water is ever increasing but the supply is decreasing or is constant. This demand is brought up by factors such as population increase, industrialization and agricultural needs. Some areas receive the right amount of whereas, others do not receive the right amount. These regions are known as arid regions where rainfall and water supply is less yearly causing droughts. The report will examine the feasibility of two techniques namely desalination and building dams and reservoirs for supplying fresh water to arid regions considering factors such as cost, technology, location and water quality. Background Kaplan (2011) points out that there is approximately 36 million cubic kilometres of fresh water available on the earth which equals to 3% and the rest 97% is salt water. 77% of the fresh water available is locked up in the polar icecaps, glaciers and icebergs, less than 1% in fresh water lakes, springs and rivers. The rest is found in plants, atmosphere and human bodies. However, another argument put forward by Kaplan (2011) was that just over a half of the fresh water available on the earth is being used. This means that there is plenty of fresh water available but is inefficiently used, wasted in simpler terms and not evenly distributed across the world. Therefore, arid regions are formed as they do not receive the right amount of water demanded from their population in that area. UNEP (1992) reports about 47% of the surface of the earth being arid or semi-arid. This shows almost half of the world is without water whereas, some places have plenty of fresh water available. Another r eport of UNEP (1997) claims about 2 billion people live in arid regions and in many cases in very poor conditions. This shows the need and importance of development of ideas and techniques to provide fresh water to these regions. Figure 1 Global dry land areas by continent Continent Extension Percentage Arid Semi-arid Dry subhumid Arid Semi-arid Dry subhumid (million ha) Africa 467.60 611.35 219.16 16.21 21.20 7.60 Asia 704.30 727.97 225.51 25.48 26.34 8.16 Oceania 459.50 211.02 38.24 59.72 27.42 4.97 Europe 0.30 94.26 123.47 0.01 1.74 2.27 North/central America 4.27 130.71 382.09 6.09 17.82 4.27 South America 5.97 122.43 250.21 7.11 14.54 5.97 Total 1 641.95 1 897.74 1 238.68 Mha=106ha. Source: FAO (2002) Figure 1 above shows the percentage and the distance in hectares (ha) of the surface of the earth that can be classified as an arid or a semi-arid region. From the table; Africa and Asia have the largest extension of arid zones, they account for more than a half of worlds arid regions (FAO, 2002). Comparison of options: Desalination According to Kucera (2014), desalination is defined as the â€Å"process of removing dissolved solids, such as salts and minerals, from water.† Desalination was used practically first in the sixteenth and the seventeenth centuries by sailors. Desalination is sometimes referred as distillation and sailors back in the sixteenth century used simple distillation technique to evaporate sea water and collecting the fresh water. The figure below from Kucera (2014) shows the total desalination capacity by different countries since 2003. The highest percentages of desalination capacity are led by the Middle East countries i.e. Saudi Arabia and UAE followed closely by; Spain, USA, China, Algeria, Australia, Israel, and India, respectively. Figure 2 Kucera (2014) Figure 2 above also shows that desalination is a process that is mainly operated by the developing countries. Not a single African nation is seen in the figure means that the most arid region of the world is not using desalination process. Keyes , Conrad Fahy, Tansel, Berrin (2012) claim desalination have two major technological methods involved i.e. membrane and evaporative also known as thermal. Middle East use the evaporative technology while, the USA depend on the membrane process of desalination as it is more technologically advanced and has a cost advantage. â€Å"Desalination water treatment plants must be managed in an environmentally compatible manner and requires significant environmental assessment efforts depending on the quality of the concentrate and geographical location of the facility† (ibid, 2012). This shows the process of desalination for providing fresh water to arid region is quite costly and requires attention to the environment as only developing countr ies like the UAE and the USA can afford to use. Building dams reservoirs: A dam is a structure built along rivers or streams that are used to control the water flow and store the water in reservoirs during the rainy season and release as needed during the times of drought. Reservoirs are artificial lakes that store the water (UNEP, 2000). The stored water is used in several ways; irrigation, domestic use, producing hydro-electricity and leisure activities. .Abu-zeid and.El-Shibini (2010) states â€Å"the only main source for Egypt’s water is the River Nile.† Therefore Egypt is also considered part of the arid regions of the world. The Aswan High Dam was built on the River Nile in Egypt to control floods, produce HEP- Hydro-electric power and irrigate their lands in 1971. The dam had positive impacts on rapid growing population of Aswan province. The tourism industry and the fishers noted a growth in their businesses. The majority of the Egyptian population also depends on the river for its water for domestic and industrial use. The figure bel ow represents the area in hectares-ha of irrigation in countries of Africa in 1997. (University of Michigan, n.d.) The figure shows Egypt irrigated 3.3 million hectares in 1997, and that number will keep on increasing as population increases (University of Michigan, n.d). However, some negative impacts are noted by Abu-zeid and El-Shibini (2010) that during the construction of the dam several Egyptian residents and monuments had to immigrate to the cities of Lower Egypt. The dam being 111 metres high and 3830 metres long costs the Egyptian government about 1 billion dollars (Encyclopaedia Britannica, 2014). This shows building dams and reservoirs can have some drawbacks in the short run like cost, re-settlement, natural disasters and water borne diseases but in the long run it also improves the economy of the country and it helps the population of the country in irrigation, power and leisure activities. Recommendation and Conclusion It can be concluded that to provide water to arid regions of the world both the techniques are feasible. Desalination works when the region has a source of salt or seawater. Although, it is quite costly and not very friendly to the environment, it is now widely used in many countries which prove it to be efficient. On the other hand, building dams and reservoirs is very efficient and advantageous to the economy of the country. It attracts tourists, irrigates land, provides hydro-electric power and stores water for domestic use by the population of the country. However, it is also very expensive to build a dam or a reservoir, during the construction people have to be moved, diseases are prone from the water and highly depends whether the region has a source of water like river flowing. Thus, looking at the differences in requirements desalination is better than dams and reservoirs to provide fresh water to arid regions. References: Encyclopedia Britannica. (2014). Aswan High Dam. [online]. Accessed at: 27/03/2015. Available at: www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/40203/Aswan-High-Dam FAO. (2002). Land degradation assessment in drylands LADA project. World soil resources report no.97. ROME Kaplan International Colleges. (2011). Skills for study 2: Water. [podcast][mp3]. Nottingham, UK: KIC Keyes Jr., Conrad G. Fahy, Michael P. Tansel, Berrin (2012). Concentrate management in Desalination-case studies. American Society of Civil Engineering(ASCE). [online]. Accessed at 27/03/2015. Available at: http://app.knovel.com/hotlink/toc/id:kpCMDCS008/concentrate-management/concentrate-management Kucers, J. (2014). Desalination: water from water. Canada. Serivener Publishing Llc. M.A.Abu-zeid and F.Z.El-Shibini (2010). International Journal of water resources development: Egypt’s High Aswan Dam. 13(2). p.p 209-217. University of Michigan. (n.d). Human impacts on the Nile River. [online]. Accessed at 27/03/2015. Available at: http://sitemaker.umich.edu/sec004_gp5/the_aswan_high_dam_benefits UNEP. (1992). World atlas of desertification. 2nd Edition. Nairobi UNEP. (1997). World atlas of desertification. 2nd Edition. Nairobi UNEP(2000). Lakes and Reservoirs: Similarities, Differences and Importance. Osaka: United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP IETC)

Fact Verses Fiction in OBriens The Things They Carried Essay

Fact Verses Fiction in O'Brien's The Things They Carried "The difference between fairy tales and war stories is that fairy tales begin with 'Once upon a time,' while war stories begin with 'Shit, I was there!'" (Lomperis 41). How does one tell a good war story? Is it important to be accurate to the events that took place? Does the reader need to trust the narrator? In The Things They Carried, Tim O'Brien examines what it takes to tell a good war story. He uses his own experiences in Vietnam in conjunction with his imagination to weave together a series of short stories into a novel. First, the reader must understand just what makes a good "war story". The protagonist of the novel, Tim O'Brien, gives us his interpretation of it in the chapter "How to Tell a True War Story". A true war story is never moral. It does not instruct, nor encourage virtue, nor suggest models of proper human behavior, nor restrain men from doing the things men have always done. If a story seems moral, do not believe it. If at the end of a war story you feel uplifted, or if you feel that some small bit if rectitude has been salvaged from the larger waste, then you have been made the victim of a very old and terrible lie. There is no rectitude whatsoever. There is no virtue. As a first rule of thumb, therefore, you can tell a true war story by its absolute and uncompromising allegiance to obscenity and evil (O'Brien 68-69). With this concept, we can assess and place value on the stories presented in The Things They Carried. Yet, it is still not that simple. The reader is continually challenged to question what is real and what is imagined. The evaluation of each narrator is constant. While the protagonist continues to remind the ... ...y matter if they're true stories (Lomperis 54). Works Cited Bonn, Maria S. "Can Stories Save Us? Tim O'Brien and the efficacy of the text (The Vietnam War)." CRITIQUE: Studies in Contemporary Fiction 36.1 (Fall 1994); 2-16. Calloway, Catherine. "How to tell a true war story: Metafiction in 'The Things They Carried'." CRITIQUE: Studies in Contemporary Fiction 36.4 (Summer 1995); 249-258. Kaplan, Steven. "The Undying Uncertainty of the Narrator in Tim O'Brien's 'The Things They Carried'." CRITIQUE: Studies in Contemporary Fiction 35.1 (Fall 1993); 43-53. Lomperis, Timothy J. "Reading the Wind" The Literature of the Vietnam War . Durham: Duke UP, 1987. Neilson, Jim. Warring Fictions: American Literary Culture and the Vietnam War Narrative. Jackson: Mississippi UP, 1998 O'Brien, Tim. The Things They Carried . New York: Broadway, 1990.

Walmart Go Green(Washing)

Thinking of the natural disasters happening around the world In 2013, for example, Tornado In Oklahoma, the Unite States, Flash Flood In Gingham, China, Tornado In Salaams, Japan, It Is generally known that the extreme fluctuation of weather and natural disasters are caused by the global warming. Scientists tried to figure out why the global warming exists and concluded that the primary contribution to climate change is from the quantities of heat-trapping gases, such as carbon dioxide (CO) that emit into the atmosphere (Palmer, Charles, and Stefan).There are many factor causes Global warming, such as CO emissions from fossil fuel burning power plants, CO emissions from burning gasoline for transportation, deforestation, increase in usage of chemical fertilizers on farmland, or etc. However, deforestation is the most important causes of global warming, because the deforestation not only releases large amounts of carbon, but also reduce the amount of carbon capture on the planet and a mount of oxygen, clean and fresh alarm for humans and animals.Humans are believed to be the contributor with the rise In level of CO. A huge amount of paper products usage Is the one of satellites and contributes to the mass deforestation of our world. With every passing day, It Is discovered that global warming now is worse than before; people turn to purchase green product with hope to have better world. It seems that â€Å"green† and â€Å"sustainability are everywhere and businesses are all looking for some sort of connection with anything â€Å"green† and â€Å"sustainability.A numerous companies, which gain a large number of profits from society, startup plan to preserve the world environment and promise to help the world live better. However, some companies use greenmailing, misleading green- based advertising campaigns and marketing to increase their sales. In other words, they want only to take this advantage of â€Å"green† to raise their profits. Wa lter, the world's largest retailer, accelerates their environmental concerns by leading In paper consumption reduction.Walter uses a smart packaging on their product to cuts down on their paper packaging usage (â€Å"Global Responsibility). Can Walter's smarter packaging on the products lessen the global warming? American people and some organization and institute doubt in Walter's activities. This act of worry about lobar warming can misinform consumers Walter less cost and high profit. Global Warming and Cutting Trees We all know that high level of CO in atmosphere causes climate change, resulting in natural calamities and yield crop agriculture. Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, as is now evident from observations of increases in global average air and ocean temperatures, wide spread melting if snow and Ice, and rising global average sea level† (Frank 2). Global warming will be good for some area, where Is too cold for agriculture. The global average temperatur e Is quiet rising, but many areas are become drier, drought, and flood. Some areas will be winners, while other will be losers, because the temperature zones where most people live are becoming production and water resources.The global warming is severe issue that everybody should to turn in and help to solve it. Trees play an important role to protect world from heat and trap Carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases. Tree also â€Å"produce oxygen, shade sidewalks, homes and storefronts, cool cities, provide habitat for wildlife, clean the air of pollutants, protect people from harmful ultraviolet rays, absorb storm water, prevent soil erosion, shelter homes from winter winds, beautify ties, and sequester carbon dioxide, a critical role to play in combating global warming† (Oliver 123). Forests help to protect world from heat and improve air quality. Trees help by removing (sequestering) CO from the atmosphere during photosynthesis to form carbohydrates that are used in pla nt structure/function and return oxygen back into the atmosphere as a byproduct† (Bianca). Therefore, trees act as carbon sinks, alleviating the global warming. â€Å"On average, one acre of new forest can sequester about 2. 5 tons of carbon annually. Young trees absorb CO at a rate of 13 pounds per tree each year. Trees reach their most productive stage of carbon storage at about 10 years at which point they are estimated to absorb 48 pounds of CO per year† (Bianca).At that rate, trees release enough oxygen back into the atmosphere for life on earth. Planting trees could reduce carbon and consequently save consumers on utility bills, because trees also reduce the greenhouse effect by shading houses and office buildings. Moreover, when the world cools down, reducing the need for air conditioning, which in turn reduces the amount of fossil fuels burned to produce electricity. To sum up, human being uses paper such as buying nee cereal box, meaning that he or she cut tree , reduced carbon capture, destroyed world air filter and consumed fossil fuels.Greenmailing After some research has revealed that cutting trees has several adverse effects on the climate. Many businesses are sincerely committed to making the world a better, but for some businesses, environmental issues are little more than a convenient advertisement. Some businesses persuade people to buy their products; by claiming that buying their products end environmental issues. In 1999, the Oxford English dictionary defines the word ‘greenmailing in their dictionary as â€Å"disinformation assassinated by an organization so as to present an environmentally responsible public image†.When a firm tried to make advertising that they are environmentally friendly and they are concerning about climate changing, clean air, clear water, or no chemical than on actually putting into place practices that are environmentally friendly. For example, bottled water companies are trying to go gree n, but actually greenmailing, by coming up with catchphrases – partially made out of some sort of plant material. They are trying to convince their customers that drinking their bottled eater reduce plastic waste and they conceal what kind of plants are being used to make this stuff.In 2005 Walter also has announced plan in public to be more environmentally friendly. It launched its sustainability campaign. It set goals to have 100 percent renewable energy, to create zero waste, and to make more environmentally friendly products Jasmine). â€Å"Wall-Mart's environmental goals center around reducing waste, environmentally friendly packaging, offering environmentally more energy efficient† Jasmine). â€Å"On February 1, 2007, Walter unveiled ‘Sustainability 360†², its company-wide emphasis on environmental sustainability' (Annie).In 2008-2009, Walter has taken a zero-waste stance and have started implementing various programs. One of its interesting programs is rethinking packaging reduced paper consumption by redesigning their packaging. However, according to research by the nonprofit Institute for Local Self-Reliance claimed that â€Å"Walter's heavily-promoted sustainability initiatives have done more to improve the company's image than to help the environment† (CTD. In â€Å"Walter Accused of Greenmailing†). This is because of increase in sales after launching sustainability campaign in 2005.Walter's revenue increased from $312 billion in 2005 to $419 lion in 2010 (Stacy 4). This report slightly inspires writers and Journalists to take a closer look at what Walter really care about environmental or short-term profit. Wall-Mart rethinking packaging Walter, the large discount department store in the United States, now has the total area of all U. S. Stores, 698 million square feet, larger than those of the island of Manhattan, 641 million square feet. Furthermore, Walter increases its international store almost tripled, from about 1 ,600 to 4,600 stores.After Walter launched its sustainability campaign in 2005, the number of Americans who had an unfavorable IEEE of Walter decreased from 38 percent to 20 percent in 2010 (Stacy 4); moreover, it sells 35 percent more stuff. Because of the fact that Walter is the largest retail store in the United States and their sales are significant, Americans expect from Walter with environmental issues. Walter is introducing itself the leader of preserve natural resources such as trees, water and fuel. It is trying to find new ways to protect the planet.Working with its suppliers to rethink its processes and product presentation, Walter plans to cut back on their paper products to reduce cutting trees that capture CO and generate fresh air. From toys and footwear to cooking products, Walter has reduced its packaging across the board† (Ron). This large firm improved and redesigned the footwear replenishment boxes by using smarter packaging on its footwear box (see Figure 1). â€Å"Sustainable packaging for shoes has also been revamped† (Ron). â€Å"The new box uses Just a single source of paper, fits multiple pairs of shoes† (â€Å"Global Responsibility').Figure : Old and Redesigned Shoes Box In the result, in 2011, during the first 10 months, Walter used about 14. 4 million footwear replenishment boxes, reducing paper consumption by 692 tons (1 mounds), the environmental equivalent of more than 2,500 trees. Redesigned the footwear box uses 43 percent less paper and reduces costs by 28 percent (â€Å"Global Responsibility'). Conversely, â€Å"each person in the United States uses 749 pounds (keg) of paper every year† (Sam). In other words, now current U. S. Population is 316. 80 million, so the total paper consumption per year is 118,641,600 tons (237,283,200,000 pounds).If comparing the reduced number paper consumption of Walter to paper consumption of all people in the United States per year, it is very Is Walte r Going Green? Wall-Mart's steps to saving world's resources are admirable; however, the company has a long way to go proving their commitment about the environment issues to people. Some writers and Journalists consequently may think that Walter is environmentally destructive and greedy. However, â€Å"some businesses are indeed as destructive as many suspect, others are among the world's strongest positive forces for environmental sustainability' Oared 273).Therefore, what Walter have done to keep the planet healthy, lessen global warming, it is a good start for saving the world. The magnitude and cause of global climate change are huge. Only Walter cannot hanged the world. To resolve the climate change, individual has essential powerless to change the world or to make sustainable future. â€Å"None of us can change the world single-handedly' (Alex 270) and if people wants â€Å"to work at this work alone[, it] is to fail† (CTD. In â€Å"On Earth Day'). Since this truth is well known, why Walter is still working with smart packaging project.The reasons that Walter's chief executives raise their global warming concerns are saving their money, avoiding environmental disasters and reducing criticism from employees, consumers and government Oared 273). In this case, it may be called win-win situation. Not only Walter can save their costs, but also world can lose lesser natural resources. Moreover, â€Å"[w]e have to balance the environmental against the economy Oared 274). Even Walter get high sales, but the number of profits that it get lesser than the amount of money that it will be used to try to fix the environmental problem.According to John Holders, the top White House science advisor, stated that â€Å"solving problems of climate change would cost the United States 2 percent of our gross domestic product by the year 2050, but that not solving those problems would damage the economy by 20 percent o 30 percent of G. D. P† (CTD. In â€Å"W ill Big Business Save the Earth†). However, if Walter really want to reduce paper consumption permanently, a key challenge to long-term sustainability is less consumption. These days, people do not buy only what they want, they buy too much products.Companies offer promotion to attract customers to buy more. Conclusion Carbon dioxide emitted to atmosphere and makes the world hotter. Deforestation causes carbon emission, which can trap heat and raise global average temperature by 2-3 Celsius within next 50 years, without resolving this environmental issue. The rise in temperature impacts such as poor agriculture, food production and water resources, which cause people living. Tree plays an important role to capture CO. Using more paper, tree is more being cut. Several large firms are trying to help this environmental issue, global warming.People turn in to buy green product with believe that buying green products can lessen the global warming or climate change. However, Some bu siness are trying to take this advantage, by producing fake green product or slogan with Just attractive customers to buy, but not alleviate global warming issue. Walter, in this case, has several programs to help, but important one is smart packaging, which reduce paper consumption. The amount of paper usage is not low significant but this is a good start for one company to lessen global promotion to attractive customers buy more than they need.Since the root of the problems of climate change is over purchasing and needing more convenient life. Therefore, if Walter really wants to make the better world and away from people's criticism, it should sell their product less. Work Cited Bordello, Bianca. â€Å"Trees Improve Our Air Quality. † Web log post. Trees Improve Our Air Quality. The Dillydally Family Foundation and the Mississippi Forestry Commission, n. D. Web. 01 Deck. 2013. Club, Oliver E. â€Å"Climate Help from the Plant World. † Global Warming Solutions: A Con cerned Citizen's Guide to Climate Protection. United States: O.This website provides information about how Wall-Mart responsible for environment. It claims that Wall-Mart has reduced â€Å"paper consumption by 692 tons, the environmental equivalent of more than 2,500 trees† by improving footwear packaging. We can use this data and calculate at ‘paper calculator' from Environmental Paper Network website to see how this amount of paper usage will impact to wood use and greenhouse gas. Jarred, Diamond. Will Big Business Save the Earth?. Envision in Depth: Reading, Writing, and Researching Arguments. Second deed. Boston: Pearson/Longing, 2011. 272-75. Print.This article discusses about environment concerns by big corporate such as Wall-Mart. The company maintains sustainable resource levels. This is an elemental to my research because I would like to prove that paper consumption cause climate change. Realization about concern by corporation is a basis of decline in paper co nsumption. This article provides an example about how Wall-Mart is trying to save cost and save environment. The author states that â€Å"Wall-Mart stores eventual AOL is to end up with no packaging waste†, showing that Wall-Mart and its client are trying to reduce paper consumption with their packaging. 013.. This publication is very fundamental to my research. It provides the truth about Walter from 2005-2010. The author does not believe that what Walter is trying to do to help the world or make the better world, cannot really help. That is just Walter want to increase its profit. This article is for general people or blob reader, who are also doubt in Walter mislead customer their making profit. Palmer, Charles, and Stefan Engel. Avoided Deforestation: Prospects for Mitigating Climate Change. New York: Rutledge, 2009. Print.This academic is very useful for my research because it provides that deforestation and forest degradation have been defined as environmental key probl ems. It claims that deforestation causes carbon emission, which trap heat and raise global average temperature by 2-3 Celsius within next 50 years. The rise in temperature impacts such as poor agriculture, food production and water resources, which cause people living. Participant, Frank T. â€Å"Introduction. † Global Climate Change: The Technology Challenge. Volt. 38. Torched: Springer, 2011. 2. Print. This academic is very helpful. It gives several examples of Climate change.This chapter aims to provide a succinct integration of the projected warming the earth is likely to experience in the decades ahead. It also provides the sustainability challenge for resolve climate change. This academic is for higher education students who really want to study about solution for climate change. Easiness, Ron. â€Å"Perfect Score: Walter's Packaging Scorecard. † Web log post. Packaging Gateway. Cable, 12 Novo. 2012. Web. 01 Deck. 2013. This article is written by senior consumpti on by improving footwear packaging. Walter redesign from toys and footwear to cooking products.

The Energy And Environmental Design System Essay - 1507 Words

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